Dynamics of cytotoxic T–lymphocyte exhaustion

Dynamics of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte exhaustion.

We examine simple mathematical models to investigate the circumstances under which the dynamics of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activation and differentiation may result in the loss of virus specific CD8+ cells, a process known as CTL exhaustion. We distinguish between two general classes of viruses: (i) viruses infecting cells that are not involved in the immune response; and (ii) viruses infe...

Fluid dynamics of cytotoxic safety cabinets.

This study investigated the specific fluid dynamics characteristics of cytotoxic safety cabinets (CSC), particularly those used in cancer drug reconstitution operations. Measurements taken on site were used to derive characteristic data for these cabinets. An in-depth laboratory investigation of airflows inside another CSC was also conducted. Anemometric values recorded on these two installatio...

The PD-1/PD-L1 (B7-H1) Pathway in Chronic Infection-Induced Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Exhaustion

Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a pivotal role in the control of infection. Activated CTLs, however, often lose effector function during chronic infection. PD-1 receptor and its ligand PD-L1 of the B7/CD28 family function as a T cell coinhibitory pathway and are emerging as major regulators converting effector CTLs into exhausted CTLs during chronic infection with human immunodeficiency...

doctrine of exhaustion

the exhaustion doctrine refers to one of the limits of intellectual property rights. once a product protected of ip right has been marketed either by the ip right owner or by others whit her consent, the ip right owner cannot prohibit the further commercialization (like the resale) of that product. thus , a critical element in determining that the owner of an ip right has exhausted her/his righ...

SnapShot: T Cell Exhaustion